Gravitationally lensed radio emission associated with SMM J16359+6612, a multiply imaged submillimeter galaxy behind A2218

We report the detection of discrete, lensed radio emission from the multiply imaged, z=2.516 submillimetre selected galaxy, SMM J16359+6612. All three images are detected in deep WSRT 1.4 GHz and VLA 8.2 GHz observations, and the radio positions are coincident with previous sub-mm SCUBA observations of this system. This is the widest separation lens system to be detected in the radio so far, and the first time that multiply imaged lensed radio emission has been detected from a star forming galaxy -- all previous multiply-lensed radio systems being associated with radio-loud AGN. Taking into account the total magnification of ~45, the WSRT 1.4 GHz observations suggest a star formation rate of 500 Solar mass/yr. The source has a steep radio spectrum (alpha -0.7) and an intrinsic flux density of just 3 microJy at 8.2 GHz. Three other SCUBA sources in the field are also detected by the WSRT, including SMMJ16359+66118, a singly imaged (and magnified) arclet at z=1.034. Higher resolution radio observations of SMMJ16359+6612 (and other highly magnified star forming galaxies) provide a unique opportunity to study the general properties and radio morphology of intrinsically faint, distant and obscured star forming galaxies. They can also help to constrain the technical specification of next generation radio telescopes, such as the Square Kilometre Array.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, to appear in A&A letter

Antigenic screening method for genetic studies

Antigenic screening method for genetic studie

Civil Rights Attorney\u27s Fees: Hensley\u27s Path to Confusion

Congress enacted the Civil Rights Attorney\u27s Fees Act (Fees Act) to promote more vigorous enforcement of the civil rights laws by attracting competent legal counsel to represent civil rights plaintiffs. To achieve this goal the Fees Act allows courts to award attorney\u27s fees to prevailing plaintiffs in civil rights cases.\u27 The statute, however, entails an inherent tension: the Fees Act\u27s primary aim of compensating prevailing plaintiffs\u27 attorneys \u27for all time reasonably expended on a matter\u27 ,, conflicts with the desire to prevent windfalls to attorneys. This conflict is especially keen when a civil rights plaintiff only partially prevails, because the court then must determine whether a fees award should compensate for time spent on unsuccessful claims. Courts initially addressing this issue developed three distinct standards. One line of cases held that attorneys should be compensated only for time spent pursuing successful claims. Another group of courts held that attorneys should be compensated for time expended on all nonfrivolous claims, regardless of whether the claims were successful at trial. A third approach required courts to consider the relationship between the unsuccessful claims and the success achieved, and to reduce the fees award only when unsuccessful claims were truly distinct from the successful claim or claims. In Hensley v. Eckerhart the United State Supreme Court had the opportunity to resolve this dispute and to establish a standard for determining the fees award when a plaintiff prevails only partially. The Court held that the proper determination of the fees award requires a court to examine the relationship be-tween successful and unsuccessful claims. The award should compensate for unsuccessful claims only if they share a common core of facts or . ..related legal theories with the successful claim. Furthermore, the court should focus on the overall success achieved and grant an award that is reasonable in relation to the results obtained

Camp Followers, Nurses, Soldiers, and Spies: Women and the Modern Memory of the Revolutionary War

When asked of their memory of the American Revolution, most would reference George Washington or Paul Revere, but probably not Molly Pitcher, Lydia Darragh, or Deborah Sampson. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate not only the lack of inclusivity of women in the memory of the Revolutionary War, but also why the women that did achieve recognition surpassed the rest. Women contributed to the war effort in multiple ways, including serving as cooks, laundresses, nurses, spies, and even as soldiers on the battlefields. Unfortunately, due to the large number of female participants, it would be impossible to include the narratives of all of the women involved in the war. Thus, this paper compares the accounts of some of the lesser-known women to the recognized women in the memory of the Revolutionary War, and seeks to understand why the three women mentioned above overshadowed those that were forgotten

Marching Percussion Techniques for Prospective Band Directors: A Course Designed for Instrumental Music Education Majors

Instrumental Techniques courses are imperative to prospective instrumental music educators. After all, it is not practical or possible to major in every instrument in a band or orchestra. These classes provide students with a chance to get a basic understanding of the fundamentals covered on each instrument. For wind instruments, these fundamentals include foundations such as embouchure placement and breathing/articulation techniques. Most of these lessons are covered in a limited course of study. Although the instruments are different, many of the techniques, like tonguing and articulation, are consistent. With regards to technical percussion techniques however, things like instrumentation, notation, and performance practices are much more diverse. Since Percussion Techniques courses have one of the widest array of instruments to be covered, one semester is barely enough time to cover all this required material. From marching band to indoor drumline, marching percussion (front line included) is a substantial part of the high school instrumental educator’s focus. A middle school educator must prepare in these areas because they are training the next generation of high school percussionists, and many times they are assistants to the high school director for marching season. Middle school directors are active parts of building a firm musical foundation for the high school ensemble. Still, preparation in this area is lacking. Students studying to become band directors are getting approximately two days of percussion instruction on marching percussion techniques in the general Percussion Techniques course, if any at all. This is too limited a time to devote to a subject that will affect half to all of a high school band director’s year. With the growth of marching percussion popularity, the need to offer a separate Marching Percussion Techniques class should be required in the course offerings for prospective middle and high school band directors

The Taxability of Condominium Owners\u27 Associations

This Article will attempt to provide some suggestions, but few answers, to those charged with the responsibility of counseling condominium owners\u27 associations on tax matters. The difference, if any, between assessments and expenditures constitutes net income to the association. Whether and to what extent the association will be taxed on this income is a matter of considerable debate. The law on the subject is sparse, and the tax status of the homeowner\u27s association is in flux, with congressional legislation on the matter pending